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Dynamic programming language

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A dynamic programming language is a type of programming language that allows various operations to be determined and executed at runtime. This is different from the compilation phase. Key decisions about variables, method calls, or data types are made when the program is running, unlike in <a href="Static_program_analysis" title="Static program analysis">static languages</a>, where the structure and types are fixed during compilation. Dynamic languages provide flexibility. This allows developers to write more adaptable and concise code.

For instance, in a dynamic language, a variable can start as an integer. It can later be reassigned to hold a string without explicit type declarations. This feature of dynamic typing enables more fluid and less restrictive coding. Developers can focus on the logic and functionality rather than the constraints of the language.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2></div>

Some dynamic languages offer an <a href="Eval" title="Eval">eval</a> function. This function takes a string or <a href="Abstract_syntax_tree" title="Abstract syntax tree">abstract syntax tree</a> containing code in the language and executes it. If this code stands for an expression, the resulting value is returned. <a href="Erik_Meijer_(computer_scientist)" title="Erik Meijer (computer scientist)">Erik Meijer</a> and Peter Drayton distinguish the <a href="Runtime_code_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime code generation">runtime code generation</a> offered by eval from the <a href="Dynamic_loading" title="Dynamic loading">dynamic loading</a> offered by <a href="Shared_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared libraries">shared libraries</a> and warn that in many cases eval is used merely to implement <a href="Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">higher-order functions</a> (by passing functions as strings) or <a href="Deserialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Deserialization">deserialization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Object_runtime_alteration">Object runtime alteration</h3></div>

A type or object system can typically be modified during runtime in a dynamic language. This can mean generating new objects from a runtime definition or based on <a href="Mixin" title="Mixin">mixins</a> of existing types or objects. This can also refer to changing the <a href="Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">inheritance</a> or type tree, and thus altering the way that existing types behave (especially with respect to the invocation of <a href="Method_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (computer science)">methods</a>).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_inference">Type inference</h3></div>

As a lot of dynamic languages come with a dynamic type system, runtime inference of types based on values for internal interpretation marks a common task. As value types may change throughout interpretation, it is regularly used upon performing atomic operations.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variable_memory_allocation">Variable memory allocation</h3></div>

Static programming languages (possibly indirectly) require developers to define the size of utilized memory before compilation (unless working around with pointer logic). Consistent with object runtime alteration, dynamic languages implicitly need to (re-)allocate memory based on program individual operations.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflection">Reflection</h3></div>

<a href="Reflection_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflection (computer science)">Reflection</a> is common in many dynamic languages, and typically involves <a href="Introspection_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Introspection (computer science)">analysis</a> of the types and metadata of generic or <a href="Type_polymorphism" class="mw-redirect" title="Type polymorphism">polymorphic</a> data. It can, however, also include full evaluation and modification of a program's code as data, such as the features that Lisp provides in analyzing <a href="S-expression" title="S-expression">S-expressions</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macros">Macros</h3></div>

A limited number of dynamic programming languages provide features which combine <a href="Code_introspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Code introspection">code introspection</a> (the ability to examine classes, functions, and keywords to know what they are, what they do and what they know) and eval in a feature called <a href="Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macros</a>. Most programmers today who are aware of the term macro have encountered them in <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> or <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, where they are a static feature which is built in a small subset of the language, and are capable only of string substitutions on the text of the program. In dynamic languages, however, they provide access to the inner workings of the compiler, and full access to the interpreter, virtual machine, or runtime, allowing the definition of language-like constructs which can optimize code or modify the syntax or grammar of the language.

<a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a>, <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, early <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, and <a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> do not generally fit into this category.

The earliest dynamic programming language is considered to be Lisp (McCarthy, 1965) which continued to influence the design of programming languages to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_code">Example code</h2></div>

The following examples show dynamic features using the language <a href="Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a> and its <a href="Common_Lisp_Object_System" title="Common Lisp Object System">Common Lisp Object System</a> (CLOS).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computation_of_code_at_runtime_and_late_binding">Computation of code at runtime and late binding</h3></div>

The example shows how a function can be modified at runtime from computed source code

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lisp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>; the source code is stored as data in a variable

CL-USER > (defparameter *best-guess-formula* '(lambda (x) (* x x 2.5)))

*BEST-GUESS-FORMULA*

; a function is created from the code and compiled at runtime, the function is available under the name best-guess

CL-USER > (compile 'best-guess *best-guess-formula*)

#<Function 15 40600152F4>

; the function can be called

CL-USER > (best-guess 10.3)

265.225

; the source code might be improved at runtime

CL-USER > (setf *best-guess-formula* `(lambda (x) ,(list 'sqrt (third *best-guess-formula*))))

(LAMBDA (X) (SQRT (* X X 2.5)))

; a new version of the function is being compiled

CL-USER > (compile 'best-guess *best-guess-formula*)

#<Function 16 406000085C>

; the next call will call the new function, a feature of late binding

CL-USER > (best-guess 10.3)

16.28573

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Object_runtime_alteration_2">Object runtime alteration</h3></div>

This example shows how an existing instance can be changed to include a new slot when its class changes and that an existing method can be replaced with a new version.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lisp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>; a person class. The person has a name.

CL-USER > (defclass person () ((name :initarg :name)))

#<STANDARD-CLASS PERSON 4020081FB3>

; a custom printing method for the objects of class person

CL-USER > (defmethod print-object ((p person) stream)

(print-unreadable-object (p stream :type t)

(format stream "~a" (slot-value p 'name))))

#<STANDARD-METHOD PRINT-OBJECT NIL (PERSON T) 4020066E5B>

; one example person instance

CL-USER > (setf *person-1* (make-instance 'person :name "Eva Luator"))

#<PERSON Eva Luator>

; the class person gets a second slot. It then has the slots name and age.

CL-USER > (defclass person () ((name :initarg :name) (age :initarg :age :initform :unknown)))

#<STANDARD-CLASS PERSON 4220333E23>

; updating the method to print the object

CL-USER > (defmethod print-object ((p person) stream)

(print-unreadable-object (p stream :type t)

(format stream "~a age: ~" (slot-value p 'name) (slot-value p 'age))))

#<STANDARD-METHOD PRINT-OBJECT NIL (PERSON T) 402022ADE3>

; the existing object has now changed, it has an additional slot and a new print method

CL-USER > *person-1*

#<PERSON Eva Luator age: UNKNOWN>

; we can set the new age slot of instance

CL-USER > (setf (slot-value *person-1* 'age) 25)

25

; the object has been updated

CL-USER > *person-1*

#<PERSON Eva Luator age: 25>

</pre></div>

let foo = 42; // foo is now a number

foo = "bar"; // foo is now a string

foo = true; // foo is now a boolean

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assembling_of_code_at_runtime_based_on_the_class_of_instances">Assembling of code at runtime based on the class of instances</h3></div>

In the next example, the class person gets a new superclass. The print method gets redefined such that it assembles several methods into the effective method. The effective method gets assembled based on the class of the argument and the at runtime available and applicable methods.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lisp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>; the class person

CL-USER > (defclass person () ((name :initarg :name)))

#<STANDARD-CLASS PERSON 4220333E23>

; a person just prints its name

CL-USER > (defmethod print-object ((p person) stream)

(print-unreadable-object (p stream :type t)

(format stream "~a" (slot-value p 'name))))

#<STANDARD-METHOD PRINT-OBJECT NIL (PERSON T) 40200605AB>

; a person instance

CL-USER > (defparameter *person-1* (make-instance 'person :name "Eva Luator"))

*PERSON-1*

; displaying a person instance

CL-USER > *person-1*

#<PERSON Eva Luator>

; now redefining the print method to be extensible

; the around method creates the context for the print method and it calls the next method

CL-USER > (defmethod print-object :around ((p person) stream)

(print-unreadable-object (p stream :type t)

(call-next-method)))

#<STANDARD-METHOD PRINT-OBJECT (:AROUND) (PERSON T) 4020263743>

; the primary method prints the name

CL-USER > (defmethod print-object ((p person) stream)

(format stream "~a" (slot-value p 'name)))

#<STANDARD-METHOD PRINT-OBJECT NIL (PERSON T) 40202646BB>

; a new class id-mixin provides an id

CL-USER > (defclass id-mixin () ((id :initarg :id)))

#<STANDARD-CLASS ID-MIXIN 422034A7AB>

; the print method just prints the value of the id slot

CL-USER > (defmethod print-object :after ((object id-mixin) stream)

(format stream " ID: ~a" (slot-value object 'id)))

#<STANDARD-METHOD PRINT-OBJECT (:AFTER) (ID-MIXIN T) 4020278E33>

; now we redefine the class person to include the mixin id-mixin

CL-USER 241 > (defclass person (id-mixin) ((name :initarg :name)))

#<STANDARD-CLASS PERSON 4220333E23>

; the existing instance *person-1* now has a new slot and we set it to 42

CL-USER 242 > (setf (slot-value *person-1* 'id) 42)

42

; displaying the object again. The print-object function now has an effective method, which calls three methods: an around method, the primary method and the after method.

CL-USER 243 > *person-1*

#<PERSON Eva Luator ID: 42>

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

Popular dynamic programming languages include <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="Lua_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a> and <a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>. The following are generally considered dynamic languages:

<ul><li><a href="ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</a></li>

<li><a href="BeanShell" title="BeanShell">BeanShell</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li>

<li><a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> (using reflection)</li>

<li><a href="Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a></li>

<li><a href="CobolScript" title="CobolScript">CobolScript</a></li>

<li><a href="ColdFusion_Markup_Language" title="ColdFusion Markup Language">ColdFusion Markup Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a> and most other <a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisps</a></li>

<li><a href="Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a></li>

<li><a href="Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a></li>

<li><a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li>

<li><a href="Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li>

<li><a href="Gambas" title="Gambas">Gambas</a></li>

<li><a href="GDScript" class="mw-redirect" title="GDScript">GDScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Groovy_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groovy (programming language)">Groovy</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li>

<li><a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java (using Reflection)</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>

<li><a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a> / <a href="GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">Octave</a></li>

<li><a href="Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_REXX" title="Object REXX">ooRexx</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li>

<li><a href="Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li>

<li><a href="Rebol" title="Rebol">Rebol</a></li>

<li><a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li>

<li><a href="SuperCollider" title="SuperCollider">SuperCollider</a></li>

<li><a href="VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfram_Language" title="Wolfram Language">Wolfram Language</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison of programming languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Name_binding" title="Name binding">Name binding</a></li>

<li><a href="Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">Von Neumann architecture</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMeijer,_Erik_and_Peter_Drayton2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="Erik_Meijer_(computer_scientist)" title="Erik Meijer (computer scientist)">Meijer, Erik</a> and Peter Drayton (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.dsv.su.se/~beatrice/DYPL/meijer_drayton.pdf">Static Typing Where Possible, Dynamic Typing When Needed: The End of the Cold War Between Programming Languages</a> (PDF), <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> Corporation, <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.69.5966">10.1.1.69.5966</a></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHarper2016" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Robert (2016). Practical Foundations for Programming languages. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 195. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9-781107-150300</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.springsource.org/spring/docs/2.0.x/reference/dynamic-language.html">Chapter 24. Dynamic language support</a>. Static.springsource.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> < <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302111159/http://groovy.codehaus.org/">"Groovy - Home"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groovy.codehaus.org/">the original</a> on 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2014-03-02.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFTratt2009" class="citation book cs1">Tratt, Laurence (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tratt.net/laurie/research/pubs/html/tratt__dynamically_typed_languages/">Dynamically Typed Languages</a>. Advances in Computers. Vol. 77. pp. 149–184. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0065-2458%2809%2901205-4">10.1016/s0065-2458(09)01205-4</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780123748126</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

(Many use the term "scripting languages".)

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFPrechelt2002" class="citation journal cs1">Prechelt, Lutz (August 18, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://page.mi.fu-berlin.de/prechelt/Biblio/jccpprt2_advances2003.pdf">"Are Scripting Languages Any Good? A Validation of Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl against C, C++, and Java"</a> (PDF). Advances in Computers. 57: 205–270. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-2458%2803%2957005-X">10.1016/S0065-2458(03)57005-X</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780120121571</bdi>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-2458">0065-2458</a>. Retrieved 2020-07-27.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBezroukov2013" class="citation web cs1">Bezroukov, Nikolai (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.softpanorama.org/Articles/a_slightly_skeptical_view_on_scripting_languages.shtml">"A Slightly Skeptical View on Scripting Languages"</a>. Softpanorama (2.1 ed.). Retrieved 2020-07-27.</cite></li>

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</style><div id="Types_of_programming_languages107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Types of programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Machine_code" title="Machine code">Machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Compiled_language" title="Compiled language">Compiled</a></li>

<li><a href="Interpreted_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreted language">Interpreted</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Low-level_programming_language" title="Low-level programming language">Low-level</a></li>

<li><a href="High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">High-level</a></li>

<li><a href="Very_high-level_programming_language" title="Very high-level programming language">Very high-level</a></li>

<li><a href="Esoteric_programming_language" title="Esoteric programming language">Esoteric</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language_generations" title="Programming language generations">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="First-generation_programming_language" title="First-generation programming language">First</a></li>

<li><a href="Second-generation_programming_language" title="Second-generation programming language">Second</a></li>

<li><a href="Third-generation_programming_language" title="Third-generation programming language">Third</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth-generation_programming_language" title="Fourth-generation programming language">Fourth</a></li>

<li><a href="Fifth-generation_programming_language" title="Fifth-generation programming language">Fifth</a></li></ul>

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